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Methods of Optimal Decisions.d

Methods of Optimal Decisions.d

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Содержание теста

Вопросы и варианты

Без отметок и подсказок к правильным ответам

Вопрос 1

What is a problem for an organization?

  1. Difference between current state and goal state
  2. Set of objectives or goals
  3. Difference between professional and line worker
  4. Determine the cause
Вопрос 2

Which of the following should you not do when solving problems?

  1. Define the problem
  2. Gather information
  3. Accept the first solution
Вопрос 3

A person who is affected by a problem or needs to be involved to solve it is a:

  1. Stakeholder
  2. Motivator
  3. Crowd source
  4. Risk taker
Вопрос 4

When solving a problem for someone else, which of the following should you not do?

  1. Let the stakeholders find their own solutions
  2. Recommend alternative solutions
  3. Communicate your progress
  4. Demonstrate the benefits of solutions
Вопрос 5

The first step in problem solving is to:

  1. Make a decision
  2. Identify shortcomings
  3. Describe the problem-solving traps
  4. Communicate your progress
Вопрос 6

Which of the following is a primary resource of information about a problem?

  1. Observation
  2. Magazine article
  3. Web site
  4. Organization files
Вопрос 7

The purpose of a problem statement is to:

  1. Determines the cause
  2. Define the solution
  3. Assigns responsibility
  4. Describe a single problem objectively
Вопрос 8

What does a Cause-and-Effect diagram show?

  1. Who is causing a problem
  2. Many causes for a complicated problem
  3. The root cause of a problem
  4. Many solutions for a complicated problem
Вопрос 9

An effective way to deal with a complex problem is to:

  1. Break it down into smaller problems
  2. Build your confidence for solving it
  3. Describe its size and scope
  4. Assign it to someone else
Вопрос 10

After identifying subproblems, you should:

  1. Sort or rank them
  2. Brainstorm
  3. Use the 5 Whys technique
  4. Focus on the main problem
Вопрос 11

What is risk?

  1. A random form of success
  2. A way to react to a problem
  3. Exposure to the possibility of loss or damage
  4. A way to solve a problem
Вопрос 12

Before you start collecting new information through observations or experiments, you should:

  1. Analyze the alternatives
  2. Make quick decisions
  3. Look for sources of existing information
  4. Subscribe to new sources of information
Вопрос 13

What kind of data should you collect to solve a problem of customer dissatisfaction with a product or service?

  1. Employee reports and logs
  2. Customer surveys and comments
  3. Secondary sources
  4. Organization records & trade associations
Вопрос 14

Why should you use your creativity when developing alternatives?

  1. To identify as many ideas as possible
  2. To stay anchored to your initial ideas
  3. To enjoy the experience
  4. To delay a decision
Вопрос 15

Which of the following is a useful creativity tool for generating ideas?

  1. Mind map
  2. Brain wave
  3. Mindstorm
  4. Mashup
Вопрос 16

Cost, time, and usefulness are examples of:

  1. primary resources
  2. adaptive techniques
  3. common problems
  4. evaluation criteria
Вопрос 17

Which of the following should you not do before making a decision?

  1. Weigh the criteria
  2. Rate the alternatives
  3. Wait for the ideal solution
  4. Select an evaluation method
Вопрос 18

An effective plan for implementing a solution includes a(n):

  1. analytical hierarchy matrix
  2. schedule
  3. collective wisdom indicator
  4. mind map
Вопрос 19

Which of the following is not a variable you might track when monitoring a solution?

  1. Expert advice
  2. Production logs
  3. Daily sales data
  4. Customer surveys
Вопрос 20

What should you do if your solution is not causing expected improvements?

  1. Wait for the problem to solve itself
  2. Abandon the solution
  3. Adjust the solution promptly
  4. Stop monitoring efforts
Вопрос 21

Why might you give a presentation after verifying a solution?

  1. To communicate your progress
  2. To provide an opportunity for brainstorming
  3. To entertain your colleagues
  4. To defer a decision
Вопрос 22

A(n) ___________ is a written or spoken statement that someone makes about a particular topic that is either true or false.

  1. opinion
  2. claim
  3. hasty generalization
  4. fallacy
Вопрос 23

What is an argument?

  1. Claims that support a particular conclusion
  2. Any subject of controversy
  3. An act based on a flawed assumption
  4. The limit of your own knowledge
Вопрос 24

What type of reasoning takes an argument from general observations or premises to a specific conclusion?

  1. Inductive
  2. Conductive
  3. Deductive
  4. Cause-and-effect
Вопрос 25

An argument that logically follows its true premises is a:

  1. credible argument
  2. good argument
  3. valid argument
  4. sound argument
Вопрос 26

What should you do when someone makes an assertion?

  1. test the assertion
  2. assume it is correct
  3. accept the assertion
  4. look for a premise indicator
Вопрос 27

What is a proposition or claim that is taken for granted as though it were known to be valid?

  1. An assertion
  2. An assumption
  3. A sound argument
  4. A conclusion
Вопрос 28

What do you call an invalid argument that is presented to appear valid?

  1. Outlier
  2. Unsound
  3. Hasty generalization
  4. Fallacy
Вопрос 29

What type of argument asserts that if one event happens, another event will inevitably occur as a result?

  1. Slippery slope
  2. Composition error
  3. Outward path
  4. Rubik’s cube
Вопрос 30

What type of reasoning error assumes that if part of something has a particular quality, the whole shares that quality?

  1. Composition
  2. Equivocation
  3. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
  4. Metaphor
Вопрос 31

Which one of the following is not a habit of critical thinkers?

  1. Intellectual humility
  2. Cynicism
  3. Methodical reasoning
  4. Questioning assumptions
Вопрос 32

What are group dynamics?

  1. Changes noted in the action plan
  2. Ways to organize an idea’s costs and benefits
  3. How people work and interact with each other
  4. How resources are provided where they are needed
Вопрос 33

Knowing about the processes, personalities, and subtleties of how a company operates is called:

  1. Organizational memory
  2. groupthink
  3. logistics
  4. consensus
Вопрос 34

What do successful teams allow time for when the group first starts to meet?

  1. Online scheduling
  2. Creating action plans
  3. Convergent thinking
  4. Socializing
Вопрос 35

Divergent thinking describes thought processes or methods used to:

  1. design credible arguments
  2. select the best alternative
  3. Generate ideas
  4. overcome resistance to change
Вопрос 36

The goal of convergent thinking is to:

  1. Narrow possible options to a manageable set
  2. identify tasks, resources, and expenses
  3. avoid groupthink
  4. reach a group consensus
Вопрос 37

Which of the following tools helps to perform a cost-benefit analysis?

  1. Three Pile analysis
  2. Online communication channel
  3. SWOT analysis
  4. Decision balance sheet
Вопрос 38

A team leader who actively seeks advice from the group before making a decision is using:

  1. A consultative approach
  2. consensus decision-making
  3. a command style
  4. an active advice approach
Вопрос 39

When is majority rule an efficient decision-making technique?

  1. When using a command style
  2. When choosing between two alternatives
  3. When group members support several options
  4. With small groups
Вопрос 40

When group members avoid presenting ideas that fall outside the group’s comfort zone, they are suffering from:

  1. Groupthink
  2. group analysis
  3. the Superman complex
  4. consensus building
Вопрос 41

Before a meeting of a large group, you should:

  1. ask for extra time to hand out materials
  2. reserve air time
  3. Distribute materials electronically
  4. send e-mails to participants explaining that no supporting materials are allowed
Вопрос 42

A decision support system helps you:

  1. Generate ideas
  2. Identify and solve problems and make decisions
  3. Communicate with colleagues
  4. prepare for presentations
Вопрос 43

When you create a numeric representation of the decision, you are creating a(n):

  1. presentation
  2. analytical document
  3. Model
  4. consensus
Вопрос 44

What should you do before comparing subjective data?

  1. Plot the data
  2. Create a model
  3. Find the mean
  4. Rate it on a response scale
Вопрос 45

When you sum the values of items and then divide by the number of items , you are calculating the:

  1. Arithmetic mean
  2. mode
  3. median
  4. arithmetic standard
Вопрос 46

Which of the following calculations is useful for describing data that includes widely varying numbers?

  1. Median
  2. Standard deviation
  3. Mode
  4. Norm
Вопрос 47

A pointer that you include in a formula to tell the spreadsheet where to find the actual data is called a:

  1. formula
  2. decision variable
  3. function
  4. Cell reference
Вопрос 48

To take advantage of pr5-programmed formulas that simplify common mathematical tasks, you can use a:

  1. formula
  2. decision variable
  3. Function
  4. cell reference
Вопрос 49

In a line chart, what does the line show?

  1. The relation of parts to the whole
  2. Accumulated values
  3. Directions or trends in the data over time
  4. Where data is not related
Вопрос 50

Circular charts divided into sectors are called:

  1. circle charts
  2. Pie charts
  3. area charts
  4. slice charts
Вопрос 51

How can you account for differences in variables?

  1. Create a decision tree
  2. Play what-if
  3. Normalize them
  4. Find the standard deviation
Вопрос 52

What is the most important component of organizational culture?

  1. Ethical values and beliefs
  2. Leadership style
  3. Group dynamics
  4. Time pressure
Вопрос 53

How does a leader's behavior impact the ethical values of an organization?

  1. It has no impact
  2. It reinforces the values
  3. It undermines the values
  4. It is neutral
Вопрос 54

What is the role of group dynamics in ethical decision-making?

  1. It has no impact
  2. It promotes unethical behavior
  3. It promotes ethical behavior
  4. It is neutral
Вопрос 55

How does time pressure affect ethical decision-making in the workplace?

  1. It makes people more ethical
  2. It has no impact
  3. It leads to unethical behavior
  4. It depends on the individual
Вопрос 56

How does an organization's risk tolerance impact ethical decision-making?

  1. It has no impact
  2. It promotes unethical behavior
  3. It promotes ethical behavior
  4. It depends on the individual
Вопрос 57

What is the relationship between ethical values and organizational culture?

  1. There is no relationship
  2. Ethical values are a subset of organizational culture
  3. Organizational culture is a subset of ethical values
  4. They are separate entities
Вопрос 58

How do ethical values impact leadership style?

  1. Ethical values have no impact on leadership style
  2. Ethical values influence the leader's behavior
  3. Leadership style has no impact on ethical values
  4. They are separate entities
Вопрос 59

How does group dynamics impact ethical decision-making in the workplace?

  1. It has no impact
  2. It promotes unethical behavior
  3. It promotes ethical behavior
  4. It is neutral
Вопрос 60

How does risk tolerance impact ethical decision-making?

  1. It has no impact
  2. It promotes unethical behavior
  3. It promotes ethical behavior
  4. It depends on the individual
Вопрос 61

What is the relationship between leadership style and group dynamics?

  1. There is no relationship
  2. Leadership style influences group dynamics
  3. Group dynamics influence leadership style
  4. They are separate entities
Вопрос 62

Fostering ethical decision making within an organization requires improving the firm's ethical standards and

  1. not doing business with suppliers
  2. implementing a hiring freeze.
  3. terminating the “bad apples” in the organization.
  4. terminating ethical persons.
Вопрос 63

In the absence of ethics programs, employees are likely to make decisions based on

  1. their observations of how their coworkers and superiors behave.
  2. how they and their family members behave at home.
  3. their conscience.
  4. their religious values.
Вопрос 64

_____ are formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees in terms of ethical behavior.

  1. Mission statements
  2. Codes of conduct
  3. Policies on confidentiality
  4. Environmental policies
Вопрос 65

What is not a common mistake when designing and implementing an ethics program?

  1. Failing to fully understand the goals of the program
  2. Not setting realistic or measurable goals
  3. Having top management take ownership of the ethics program
  4. Developing materials that do not address the needs of the average employee
Вопрос 66

The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations require federal judges to increase fines for organizations that continually

  1. improve their ethics programs.
  2. eliminate misconduct.
  3. tolerate misconduct.
  4. fail to report ethics program activities.
Вопрос 67

A code of ethics that does not address specific high-risk activities within the scope of daily activities is

  1. sufficient
  2. inadequate
  3. satisfactory
  4. acceptable as long as individual values prevent misconduct.
  5. acceptable according to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations.
Вопрос 68

Organizational _____ can contribute to diminished employee trust and increased employee turnover.

  1. leadership succession
  2. compensation policies
  3. ethics programs
  4. Misconduct
Вопрос 69

Which of the following is a common mistake made in implementing an ethics program?

  1. Setting realistic and measurable program objectives
  2. Developing materials that do not address the needs of the average employee
  3. Adapting a firm's ethics program to its international operations
  4. Allowing employees to practice the skills they learn in ethics training through case studies and/or group exercises
Вопрос 70

A _____ generates an ethical program that creates order by requiring that employees identify with and commit to specific required conduct using legal terms and statutes.

  1. compliance orientation
  2. code of conduct
  3. statement of values
  4. code of ethics
Вопрос 71

In the long run, a(n) ______ orientation may be better for companies, perhaps because it increases employees’ awareness of ethics issues at work.

  1. code
  2. obedience
  3. compliance
  4. Values
Вопрос 72

____ identified four cultural dimensions that can have a profound impact on the business environment: individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity.

  1. Milton Friedman
  2. Abraham Maslow
  3. Adam Smith
  4. Geert Hofstede
Вопрос 73

_____ is a term used by Adam Smith to explain the inherent mechanisms at work in free market systems that keep commerce in equilibrium. It is also known as the “invisible hand.”

  1. Consumerism
  2. Cultural relativism
  3. Social democracy
  4. Laissez-fair
Вопрос 74

_____ is based upon the assumption that people are predictable and will maximize the utility of their choices relative to their needs and wants.

  1. Rational economics
  2. Socialism
  3. Capitalism
  4. Behavioral economics
Вопрос 75

____ assumes that humans may not act rationally because of genetics, learned behavior, and rules of thumb.

  1. Behavioral economics
  2. Socialism
  3. Cultural relativism
  4. National culture
Вопрос 76

Increasing the wealth gap between nations and misusing and misallocating scarce resources are ethical issue accusations related to

  1. cultural differences.
  2. multinational corporations.
  3. consumerism.
  4. legal differences.
Вопрос 77

Which of the following is a measure taken by governments to curtail MNC practices that create ethical issues?

  1. Levying import taxes to lower the prices MNCs charge for their products
  2. Halting the establishment of minimum wage laws
  3. Avoiding the United Nations' monitoring efforts
  4. Imposing export taxes to force MNCs to share more of their profits
Вопрос 78

_____ occurs when the middle class shrinks, resulting in highly concentrated wealth amongst the rich and a large number of poor people with very few resources.

  1. Communism
  2. Socialism
  3. Bimodal wealth distribution
  4. A two-class social structure
Вопрос 79

_____ involves transactions across national boundaries. It is a practice that brings together people who have different cultures, values, laws, and ethical standards.

  1. Global business
  2. Country cultural values
  3. Social democracy
  4. Cultural relativism
Вопрос 80

What concept refers to economic theories advocating the creation of a society where wealth and power are distributed evenly, relative to the amount of work expended in production?

  1. Rational economics
  2. Socialism
  3. Capitalism
  4. Rational capitalism
Вопрос 81

These values were developed by a reverend and the UN Secretary General. They express support for universal human rights.

  1. The Global Sullivan Principles
  2. Sarbanes-Oxley Act
  3. FSGO
  4. Global common values