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Regulation is often spoken of as if an identifiable and … mode of governmental activity.
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discrete
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Ответы на тесты International System of Economical Regulations.d_устарел
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Бесплатные ответы на тесты по предмету «International System of Economical Regulations» — Синергия и МТИ
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Показано 98 вопросов
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Вопрос 2
There is a tendency to associate regulation with the … control of the utilities.
Вопрос 3
In Britain, regulation has been practiced since at least the … and Stuart periods.
Вопрос 4
In the … century, there was a burgeoning of regulation, with the emergence of specialist regulatory institutions and a host of measures dealing with public health and employment conditions.
Вопрос 5
During the … century, a steady growth in regulation took place from the 1930s onwards.
Вопрос 6Ответ открыт бесплатно
During the 1980s and 1990s, much stress was placed by governments and commentators on the problems and costs of regulation and the case for deregulating the economy.
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true
Вопрос 7
By the mid-1990s, some 25 million customers were served by the main four regulated utilities industries alone.
Вопрос 8
Their total annual turnover of £51 billion represented around 8 per cent of the annual gross domestic product of the UK, and not only the results of regulation but the processes used to regulate had prompted unprecedented concern.
Вопрос 9
It was in the field of demand regulation that the most urgent political debates took place towards the end of the last millennium.
Вопрос 10Ответ открыт бесплатно
In parallel to these developments in the regulation of economic and social activities, there was also the rise of regulation outside government.
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false
Вопрос 11
Motives for regulating can be distinguished from … justifications for regulating.
Вопрос 12
… of the rationales for regulating can be described as instances of «market failure».
Вопрос 13Ответ открыт бесплатно
Monopoly describes the position in which … seller produces for the entire industry or market.
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one
Вопрос 14
Where … occurs, the market «fails» because competition is deficient.
Вопрос 15
A firm will earn a windfall profit (sometimes called an «economic rent» or excess profit) where it finds a source of supply significantly … than that available in the marketplace.
Вопрос 16Ответ открыт бесплатно
The reason for regulating externalities (or «spillovers») is that the price of a product does reflect the true cost to society of producing that good, and excessive consumption accordingly results.
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false
Вопрос 17
Competitive markets can only function properly if consumers are not well informed to evaluate competing products.
Вопрос 18
In some circumstances, the market may not provide the socially desired levels of continuity and availability of service.
Вопрос 19
Markets may be deficient not merely because competition is lacking: they may produce undesirable effects because firms behave in a manner not conducive to healthy competition.
Вопрос 20Ответ открыт бесплатно
A temptation for some economists may be to assert that regulation is good if it is efficient in the sense that it … wealth.
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maximizes
Вопрос 21
This is because there is circularity in the assertion that one should distribute rights (e.g. to pollute or to be free from pollution) in a manner that … wealth.
Вопрос 22
More plausible than wealth maximization is an approach to regulatory evaluation that involves looking at those arguments that have general currency when regulatory arrangements and performance are discussed in the … domain.
Вопрос 23Ответ открыт бесплатно
The … tests, or criteria, should be explained before their role in assessing regulation is discussed further.
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five
Вопрос 24
The legislative mandate suggests that regulatory action deserves support when it is authorized by …, the fountain of democratic authority.
Вопрос 25
Regulators with imprecise mandates may, nevertheless, claim that they deserve the support of the public because they are properly accountable to, and controlled by, democratic institutions.
Вопрос 26
The basis of the due process claim is that public support is merited because the regulator uses procedures that are unfair and not open.
Вопрос 27Ответ открыт бесплатно
Certain regulatory functions may require the exercise of expert judgement.
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true
Вопрос 28
A regulator may claim support on the basis of acting efficiently and, in doing so, may make five kinds of claim.
Вопрос 29
If «good regulation» is to be pursued, it is essential that there is a capacity to measure not merely the quality of regulation but also the performance of regulatory improvement tools, institutions, and policies.
Вопрос 30Ответ открыт бесплатно
In explaining how regulation arises, develops, and …, a number of broad approaches can be adopted.
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decline
Вопрос 31
… interest theories center on the idea that those seeking to institute or develop regulation do so in pursuit of public interest-related objectives.
Вопрос 32
Proponents of regulation are thus seen as acting as benevolent agents for the … interest.
Вопрос 33Ответ открыт бесплатно
Regarding results, the … interest perspective is prone to attack on the basis that regulation often seems to fail to deliver … interest outcomes.
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public
Вопрос 34
A second broad approach to regulation stresses the extent to which regulatory developments are driven not by the pursuit of public interest but by the particularistic concerns of … groups.
Вопрос 35
The economic theory of regulation builds on the assumption that actors are not inherently self-regarding and orientated at maximizing their own (material) interest.
Вопрос 36
In other words, the regulatory process is seen as characterized by a collective action problem—only concentrated interests with a high material stake will tend to succeed in instituting collective action.
Вопрос 37Ответ открыт бесплатно
In discussing the impact of ideas, ideologies, and beliefs, a number of different strains can be detected in the wider literature on public policy and regulation.
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true
Вопрос 38
Institutionalism has become such a broad church that it is hard to find anyone who would not claim to be an institutionalist.
Вопрос 39
Self-referential accounts of regulation have largely been influenced by the work of Peter.
Вопрос 40Ответ открыт бесплатно
One of the most well-established laws in … science is that policies and initiatives are usually born in hope and optimism, but eventually decline amid sadness and disappointment.
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social
Вопрос 41
It is possible to identify a number of failings that have … outcome implications.
Вопрос 42
A first difficulty in pinpointing an outcome failure is that most regulatory mandates are necessarily (and advisedly) flexible and … to interpretation.
Вопрос 43Ответ открыт бесплатно
… problems are often involved in charges of under-regulation— notably where this results from a lack of information-gathering on the risks and risk creators that impact on the achieving of objectives.
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detection
Вопрос 44
… regulation is often associated with «over-stringent» and «over-prescriptive» regulation that reduces the possibilities for innovation and research.
Вопрос 45
The meltdown of a financial system, for instance, may be regarded as a failure of regulatory instrument choice and design rather than enforcement.
Вопрос 46
Institutional theories (of different ilks) tend to agree that institutional structures and arrangements, as well as social processes, significantly shape regulation.
Вопрос 47Ответ открыт бесплатно
Another possible cause of failure that different institutionalists might note is the overlapping of different organizational understandings and the frictions that this can cause.
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true
Вопрос 48
Problems of over- and under-regulation are often associated with income.
Вопрос 49
Looking across these three widely advocated «solutions» to regulatory failure suggests that any remedy is associated with inherent trade-offs, side-effects, and limitations.
Вопрос 50Ответ открыт бесплатно
Risk is usually defined as the … of a particular event (or hazard) occurring and the consequent severity of the impact of that event.
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probability
Вопрос 51
The division drawn is between uncertainty— which is inherently … to measure—and risk, which is amenable to quantification.
Вопрос 52
Risk has been regarded as one of the key unifying themes that shape the contemporary … sciences.
Вопрос 53
A glance at the literature on risks reveals, however, that identifying and assessing risks is ….
Вопрос 54Ответ открыт бесплатно
The psychological approach to the definition and measurement of risk focuses upon … cognition and such questions as how probabilities are perceived.
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individual
Вопрос 55
Sociologists have addressed this under-emphasis by attending to social relations and institutions as influences on risk perception and by examining the ways that moral positions and valuations affect responses to risk.
Вопрос 56
Cultural theorists, in turn, have contended that attitudes to risk vary according to cultural biases—attitudes and beliefs shared by a individial.
Вопрос 57Ответ открыт бесплатно
A number of core challenges lie at the heart of any regulatory decision on the handling of risk. The first challenge is the identification of risks and questions about participation in decision-making.
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true
Вопрос 58
A second regulatory challenge is whether an emphasis should be placed on anticipation or on resilience.
Вопрос 59
The debate about anticipative strategies links to the widely known pareto principle.
Вопрос 60Ответ открыт бесплатно
To …, where legal authority and the command of law is used to pursue policy objectives.
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command
Вопрос 61
To deploy …, where contracts, grants, loans, subsidies, or other incentives are used to influence conduct.
Вопрос 62
The essence of command and control (C & C) regulation is the exercise of influence by imposing standards backed by … sanctions.
Вопрос 63
A first worry was that in C & C regulation the relationships between the regulators and the regulated might tend to become too close and lead to …
Вопрос 64Ответ открыт бесплатно
A second major concern with C & C regulation has been its alleged propensity to produce unnecessarily … rules.
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complex
Вопрос 65
Setting inappropriate standards has been argued to pose major difficulties for regulators because the informational demands are so severe.
Вопрос 66
A final major difficulty said to be particularly associated with C & C regimes is that of demand.
Вопрос 67Ответ открыт бесплатно
Regulating by means of economic incentives might be thought to offer an escape from highly restrictive, rule-bound, C & C regimes.
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true
Вопрос 68
A core difficulty with incentive regimes may be predicting the effect on the ground of a given incentive.
Вопрос 69
A direct method of regulating by channeling market forces is to influence competition within an area.
Вопрос 70Ответ открыт бесплатно
The importance of franchising as a policy option demands that its virtues and vices be …
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understood
Вопрос 71
The essence of … is the allocation (subject to conditions) of a protected or exclusive right to exploit or carry out an activity.
Вопрос 72
In the commercial world, franchising is known as a form of … or distribution in which one party, the franchiser, allows another, the franchisee, to exploit a trade name, trademark, process, or other resource in return for a fee.
Вопрос 73
… franchising may resemble commercial franchising closely but can be distinguished by its «public» purpose.
Вопрос 74Ответ открыт бесплатно
…, operators are free to compete in the market provided that they have obtained permission to do so.
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licensing
Вопрос 75
One option is to introduce bidding on price per unit so that the franchise is awarded to the competitor willing to supply the service to the public at the lowest prices.
Вопрос 76
As a rule, bidding in the form of lump sum payments should be based on known regulated prices.
Вопрос 77Ответ открыт бесплатно
If, before franchising, the market has already been supplied by a public enterprise, the regulator/franchiser may decide that those prices must be maintained.
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true
Вопрос 78
The franchiser may choose to allow competitors to specify their bids in terms of more than one dimension—typically in terms of price and quality of service.
Вопрос 79
The first large-scale, long-term US environmental programme to rely on trading emissions permits was the …
Вопрос 80
… mechanisms have numerous dimensions and there are many varieties of such systems.
Вопрос 81Ответ открыт бесплатно
In emissions trading a … number of permits are created and each allows the emission of a stipulated amount of pollutant.
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fixed
Вопрос 82
Advocates of emissions trading mechanisms tend to claim that a number of virtues attach to the device, a first of these is …
Вопрос 83
If … trading is allowed, moreover, this ensures that emissions are controlled in the most cost-effective global locations.
Вопрос 84Ответ открыт бесплатно
A second claimed strength of emissions trading is strength.
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false
Вопрос 85
An emissions trading regime is also said to have the potential to deal with distributional issues, since it can control the assignment of emissions through the choice of initial allocation method for permits.
Вопрос 86
Competition and coordination issues are said to be handled very poorly by emissions trading mechanisms.
Вопрос 87Ответ открыт бесплатно
A further difficulty with emissions trading systems is uncertainty.
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true
Вопрос 88
Another major issue in emissions trading is the state of the market.
Вопрос 89
In the UK, the risk based approach was institutionally endorsed most emphatically in …
Вопрос 90
… frameworks look principally to control relevant risks, not to secure compliance with sets of rules.
Вопрос 91Ответ открыт бесплатно
Management and … risks relate to the propensity of an organization’s internal controls to mitigate or exacerbate the risk by affecting the probability of a harm’s occurrence.
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control
Вопрос 92
The first challenge for any risk-based regulator is, as noted, to identify the risks to its achieving its …
Вопрос 93
A second major challenge for risk-based regulators is to take on board the extent to which managerial attitudes will affect the level of risk presented by a …
Вопрос 94Ответ открыт бесплатно
A first challenge in seeking to give effect to a risk-based system is to be clear about the degree to which risk evaluations will be used as drivers of regulatory actions.
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true
Вопрос 95
Another organizational difficulty for risk-based regulators may arise when their powers are shared with other bodies.
Вопрос 96
A special danger in a risk-based regime is that the regulators become emotional to an established method of identifying key risks and of dealing with these.
Вопрос 97
Regulatory decisions that are based on risk appraisals will often prove to be more difficult to justify than involved parties have initially anticipated.
Вопрос 98Ответ открыт бесплатно
Some regulators manage these challenges by incorporating public perceptions explicitly into their risk-based frameworks.
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true
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