Ответы на тесты Английский язык в профессиональной деятельности.dor_БАК(1 2)_230915_Псх

to regulate emotions

Memory

Visual ; Acoustic ; Semantic

William Bousfield ; Fergus Clark and Endel Tulving ; Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin ; Karl Lashley

sensory memory

Brain

light-dark exposure

lymphocytes

Depression

Beta-endorphin = Pain, pleasure ; Dopamine = Mood, sleep, learning ; Serotonin = Mood, sleep

scientists are engaged in ; explaining and understanding ; how the world around them works, ; and they are able to do so ; by coming up with theories ; that generate hypotheses ; that are testable and falsifiable

personality

philosophy

Introduction = Overview of the topic ; Methods = Research questions ; Results = Answers to research questions ; Conclusions = Summary of main findings

Because = Reason ; Also = Addition ; Nevertheless = Contrast ; As a consequence = Result

one goal of psychology ; is the study of the mind, ; and science cannot directly ; study the mind, ; because it is not a form ; of matter or energy

engram

sensory

Short-term memory (STM) = a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory ; Sensory memory = a storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes ; Long-term memory (LTM) = a continuous storage of information

Memory ; Encoding ; Sensory memory ; Other types of memory ; Parts of the brain that are involved into process of memorizing ; Sins of memory

Engram

Abraham Maslow

They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field. ; They have made people realise how hard the subject is. ; They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.

extraversion

Assertiveness

creative

Crystallized intelligence = Кристаллизовавшийся интеллект ; Fluid intelligence = Подвижный интеллект ; Standardisation = Стандартизация ; Norming = Нормирование ; Flynn effect = Эффект Флинна

the value ; of ; IQ testing ; is ; most ; evident ; in ; educational ; or ; clinical settings

Cultural

96 items

Hyperactivity ; Total arrogance

Picture Construction = Participant uses a basic shape and expands on it to create a picture ; Picture Completion = Participant is asked to finish and title incomplete drawings ; Lines/Circles = Participant is asked to modify many different series of lines and circles. ; Guessing Consequences = Participant lists possible consequences for the pictured action. ; Just Suppose = Participant is asked to imagine that an improbable situation has happened, then list possible ramifications

creative ; people ; tend to ; be ; smart ; yet ; naïve ; at ; the ; same ; time

convergent

Retina

Retina = Ретина ; biological reality = Биологическая реальность ; inferior temporal lobe = Нижняя височная извилина ; quasi-perceptual episode = Квази-перцептивная модель ; Sensory = Сенсорный ; Delusory = Иллюзорный ; mental phenomenon = Психическое явление

area

wundt

Mental imagery is often used interchangeably with the term ‘mental image’. ; This is misleading in more than one way. ; First of all, mental imagery is not necessarily visual. ; Just as perception can be visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, etc, the same goes for mental imagery. ; Auditory mental imagery, for example, plays a crucial role in listening to music. ; But it is not an ‘image’ in any meaningful sense of the term. ; Second, and even more importantly, not everyone conjures up vivid and distinct images when they have mental imagery. ; There are people who, when they close their eyes and visualize an apple, see no ‘images’ in their mind’s eye. ; They are referred to as aphantasics, a label that just means that they report no conscious mental imagery.

a pattern of short-term characteristics

personality psychology

experiments

conflict

Sibling differences = exposed to different childhood influences and as a result grew up to have different personalities ; Personality = the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person character that influence behaviour in different situations ; Reliability = the consistency of response to a psychological assessment device ; Validity = the extent to which the assessment device measures what it is intended to measure

emotion

limbic system = лимбическая система ; psychological appraisal = когнитивная оценочная теория ; physiological arousal = гиппокамп ; hippocampus = базолатеральный комплекс ; basolateral complex = психологическая оценка ; cognitive appraisal theory = физиологическое возбуждение

Angry

Growth = mindset ; Emotional = awareness ; Social = skills ; Self- = regulation

the James-Lange theory ; of emotion   ; suggests that ; physical changes in the body ; happen first, ; which then leads to ; to the experience

a representative sample

Intelligence quotient

Emotional intelligence

Sir Francis Galton ; Alfred Binet ; David Wechsler

Analytical intelligence = … is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast. ; Creative intelligence = … is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. ; Standard deviations = … describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets ; The bell curve = … uses the standard deviation to show how all scores are dispersed from the average score. ; Cultural intelligence = When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your… ; Emotional intelligence = … encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways. ; Practical intelligence = … you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences. This type of intelligence appears to be separate from traditional understanding of IQ.

introspection

hysteria

psychologists’ activities are widely ; varied, ranging from studies ; of the links between biology ; and behavior, to experimental ; studies of perception and ; memory, to the ; diagnosis and therapies ; of clinical psychology

Make an observation ; Ask a question ; Form a hypothesis ; Make a prediction ; Do an experiment ; Analyze the results ; Report the results

psyche comes to ; represent the human soul’s ; triumph over the ; misfortunes of life in the ; pursuit of true happiness

process

person

scientific research;;research

Theory

Nature = Nurture ; Free will = Determinism ; Accuracy = Inaccuracy ; Differences = Similarities

sociocultural;;social-cultural

Encoding ; Storage ; Retrieval

Permanent

rehearsal

Semantic ; Episodic

engram

Transience = Forget events that occurred long time ago ; Absentmindedness = Forget where your phone is ; Blocking = Tip of the tongue ; Misattribution = Recalling a dream memory as a waking memory

Cannon Bard

James-Lange Theory = Heart pounding, sweating / Cognitive label (I’m scared) -> Fear (emotion) ; Cannon-Bard Theory = Heart pounding, sweating / Fear (emotion) ; Schachter-Singer Theory = Heart pounding, sweating -> Fear (emotion) ; Lazarus Theory = Appraisal -> Fear/Heart pounding, sweating

limbic

Joy

Wilhelm Wundt

steps of the scientific method = ступени научного метода ; empirical method = эмпирический метод ; mental processes = ментальные процессы ; to analyze the results = анализировать результаты ; conscious experience = сознательный опыт ; internal perception = внутреннее восприятие ; to make a prediction = прогнозировать ; to make an observation = делать наблюдение

PhD

personality

case studies

Costa and McCrae

Wisdom and childishness ; Concentration ; Imagination

Creative = Thinking ; Unusual = Strategies ; Generating = Alternatives ; Brain = Mechanism

Creative thinking ; Creativity ; Assessment of creativity ; Creative processes ; 10 antithetical traits

Sarah should talk to her parents and argue her choice to them.

You remind her about Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time.

Ruby has undeveloped emotional intelligence

Creative thinking can be cultivated by regularly practicing creativity in different situations and in relation to different problems.

Idiographic

what you expect to see

Involuntary act

fmri;;functional magnetic resonance imaging

Visual perception = deals with shape, depth, color, intensity, and object recognition ; Visual processing = represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. ; Spatial processing = deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space—either objects in space, or where the parts of a single object are in relation to each other. ; “top-down” processes = It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do. ; “visual area one” = The information that was on the retina is more or less reproduced here. The idea is that neurons that are more active will absorb more sugar, because neurons consume sugar and oxygen as fuel.

mental imagery ; is ; often ; used ; interchangeably ; with ; the term ; “mental image”

Voluntary

divergent

introverted personality = интровертная личность ; extroverted personality = экстровертная личность ; displacement = смещение ; sublimation = сублимация ; melancholic = меланхоличный, меланхолик ; phlegmatic = сангвинический, сангвиник ; choleric = холерический, холерик ; sanguine = флегматичный, флегматик

experience

food, water, warmth, rest

Humanistic theory of personality development = Rogers developed client-centered therapy (later re-named ‘person-centered’), which was a non-directive therapy, allowing clients to deal with what they considered important, at their own pace. This method involves removing obstacles so the client can move forward, freeing him or her for normal growth and development. ; Observational Learning = Bandura’s key contribution to learning theory was the idea that much learning is vicarious. We learn by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences. He felt that this type of learning also plays a part in the development of our personality. Just as we learn individual behaviors, we learn new behavior patterns when we see them performed by other people or models. ; Levels of consciousness = Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. He said that only about one-tenth of our mind is conscious, and the rest of our mind is unconscious. Our unconscious refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access. According to Freud, unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through a process called repression.

Process

deductive and inductive

Carl Rogers

Psychology

advantages and = disadvantages ; problem and = solution ; classification and = definition ; question and = answer

Structuralism

empirical

Brian is very skilled at reading body language and people’s emotions.